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Some philosophers such as Avicenna and Mulla _adra maintain that
granting certitude the noblest, strongest, and best demonstrative proof is causal proof. But Mohammad Hoseyn-e Tabatabal rejects such a view,
believing that causal proof is fundamantally outside the realm of philosophia prima. The subject of philosophia prima is the most general of things and thus there exists no entity beyond the most general thing that can be considered as its cause. For him, the only proof useful for certitude is posteriori reasoning through which one can get to some other implications by some general concomitants.